Light pollution is excessive, poorly directed or intrusive artificial outdoor light, and it manifests in various forms: glare, intrusive light, misdirected light and skyglow.

There are 6 species of seabirds belonging to the order Procellariiformes in the Azores. These seabirds are highly adapted to pelagic (open sea) life, spending most of their lives in the ocean. In the Azores, they nest on land, in remote and dark places, such as cliffs and uninhabited islands. Their reproductive activity is predominantly nocturnal, which makes them particularly vulnerable to light pollution. Due to their sensitive eyes and nocturnal behavior, they are victims of glare. Disoriented, they collide with buildings, cars, or lampposts, falling to the ground and becoming vulnerable to being run over, preyed upon by cats and rats, illegally hunted, and even dehydration. Due to their inexperience, juveniles are the most affected by this problem.

Importance of participating in the conservation of these seabirds

Currently, although there is no specific legislation on the effects of light pollution on seabirds, either at national or regional level, all the seabirds mentioned are protected by directives imposed by the European Commission (Birds Directive and Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats – Bern Convention). Light pollution is considered a priority threat to seabirds and can induce changes in their orientation, reproductive behavior, and visual communication. As most of these species have a conservation status of “Vulnerable” or “Endangered” in the Azores, their conservation has become increasingly alarming.

Why are Procellariiformes so vunerable?

• As nocturnal birds, Procellariiformes have adapted to naturally dark habitats, far from predators and human interference. Artificial light disrupts this natural balance;

• Juveniles, still inexperienced, are more susceptible to being attracted to artificial lights, as they confuse these light sources with the natural glow of the horizon over the ocean;

• Many Procellariiformes colonies in the Azores are located near villages, ports, or roads, exposing these birds directly to artificial lights.

Measures to reduce light pollution:

• Avoid blue light by using warm-colored LED bulbs;

• Turn off lights when not in use or use timers;

• Use directed and low-intensity lighting;

• Switch off lights during critical periods for seabirds.